Goroshkevich S.N.¹, Petrova E.A.¹, Vasilieva G.V.¹, Politov D.V.², Popov A.G.¹
Bender O.G.¹, Belokon M.M.², Hutornoy O.V.¹, Belokon Y.S.²

 ¹Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems Siberian Branch of RAS
634021 Tomsk, 10/3, Academichesky ave.; е-mail: gorosh@imces.ru 
²N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics RAS, Moscow
Volume XXVII, Number 1-2, 2010   

Abstract
 
Diversity structure of 5-needles pines from North and East Asia was studied with classical (anatomical, morphological) and current (molecular genetic) traits. By set of traits P. pumila and P. koraiensis was intermediate between P. sibirica and P. parviflora, P. sibirica and P. Armandii, respectively. It’s allow to suggest that stone pines (subsection Cembrae) are not natural group of species having monophyletic origin but they with some species from white pines (subsection Strobi) form integrated phylogenetic system resulted from reticulate evolution, namely alternation divergence caused by climate and interspecific hybridization. Current genetic interaction between species was studied by way of example P. sibirica and P. pumila in the Transbaikalia. Natural hybrids (up to 5 individuals per ha) are occurred throughout the hybrid zone (Hamar-Daban, Hentey-Chikoyskoe highland Stanove highland). By set of morphological and physiological traits the most of hybrids are intermediate between species. Due to some unbalancing of morphological and physiological adaptation hybrids have reduced resistance in comparison with species, but they are able to active vegetative propagation and occupy relatively free ecological niche in the second tree layer. Fertility of hybrids is significantly less (in the 2-3 times) than that of parental species, but portion of hybrid embryo resulted from pollination by hybrid pollen is higher than portion of hybrid pollen in the total pollen pool of population. Sufficient viability and fertility of natural hybrids between P. sibirica and P. pumila and their aptitude to cross among themselves permit to consider hybrids as a promising evolutional new formation that can result in novel species.

Keywords: 5-needle pine, hybridization, reticulate evolution 

References

Bennetzen, J. L. The contributions of retroelements to plant genome organization, function and evolution / J. L. Bennetzen // Trends Microbiol. – 1996. – №4. – P. 347–353.

Dobzhansky, Th. Genetics and the origin of species / Th. Dobzhansky. – N.Y: Columbia Univ. Press, 1937. 364 p.

Friesen, N. Diversity, Origin, and Distribution of Retrotransposons (gypsy and copia) in Conifers / N. Friesen, A. Brandes, J. S. Heslop-Harrison // Mol. Biol. Evol. – 2001. – Vol. 18(7). – P. 1176–1188.

Gernandt, D. S. Phylogeny and classification of Pinus / D. S. Gernandt, G. Geada López, C. Ortiz García et. al. // Taxon. – 2005. – Vol. 54. – P. 29-42.

Grant, V. Plant Speciation, 2nd Edit. / V. Grant. – N. Y: Columbia University Press, 1981. 528 p.

Kerner von Marilaun, A. The natural history of plants. Vol. 1 / A. Kerner von Marilaun. –  London: Blackie & Son, 1894. – 778 p.

Kidwell, M.G. Hybryd dysgenesis in Drosophylla melanogaster: a syndrome of abberant traits including mutation, sterility and male recombination / M.G. Kidwell, J.F. Kidwell, J.A. Sved // Genetics. – 1977. – Vol. 36. – P. 813-833.

Lanner, R.M. Biology, taxonomy, evolution, and geography of stone pines of the world / R.M. Lanner // Proceedings - symposium on whitebark pine ecosystems: ecology and management of a high-mountain resource. Bozeman, MT., March 29-31, 1989; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-270. Ogden, UT, USA. – 1990. – pp. 14-22.

Lotsy, J.P. Evolution by means of hybridization / J.P. Lotsy. – M. Niyhoff, Hague, 1916. 164 p.

McClintock, B. The origin and behaviour of multiple loci in maize / B. McClintock // Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. – 1950. – Vol. 36. – P.  344-355.

McClintock B. The control of gene action in maize / B. McClintock // Brookhaven Symp. Biol. –1965. – Vol. 18. – P. 181-164.

Price, R.A. Phylogeny and systemstics of Pinus / R.A. Price, A. Liston, S.H. Strauss. –  Richardson, D.M. (ed), Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. – P. 49-68.

Shaw, G.R. The genus Pinus. Publication of Arnold Arboretum. No. 5. / G.R. Shaw. Cambridge: Riverside Press, 1914. – 96 p.

Syring, J. Widespread genealogical nonmonophyly in species of Pinus subgenus Strobu s/ J. Syring, K. Farrell, R. Businsky, R. Cronn, A. Liston // Syst. Biol. – 2007. – Vol. 56 (2). – P. 163-181.

Белоконь, М.М. Генетическая дифференциация сосен подсекции Strobus: данные изоферментного анализа / М.М. Белоконь [и др.]// Доклады Академии наук. – 1998. – Том 358. – № 5. – C. 699-702.

Куприянова, Л.А. Группа Ctmbrae рода Pinus, ее объем и связи по палинологическим данным / Л.А. Куприянова, М.В. Литвинцева // Ботан. журн. – 1974. –Т. 59. – № 5. – С. 630-644.

Петрова, Е.А Семенная продуктивность и генетическая структура популяций в зоне естественной гибридизации кедра сибирского и кедрового стланика / Е.А. Петрова, С.Н. Горошкевич, Д.В. Политов, М.М. Белоконь, А.Г. Попов, Г.В. Васильева // Хвойные бореальной зоны. ­– 2007. – Т. 24. – № 2–3. – С. 329–335.

 ____________________